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Why does Python start at index -1 when indexing a list from the end?



Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara
Planned maintenance scheduled April 17/18, 2019 at 00:00UTC (8:00pm US/Eastern)
The Ask Question Wizard is Live!
Data science time! April 2019 and salary with experience
Should we burninate the [wrap] tag?Finding the index of an item given a list containing it in PythonWhat does the “yield” keyword do?Difference between append vs. extend list methods in PythonDoes Python have a ternary conditional operator?Accessing the index in 'for' loops?How do I remove an element from a list by index in Python?Getting the last element of a list in PythonHow do I get the number of elements in a list in Python?How do I concatenate two lists in Python?Does Python have a string 'contains' substring method?



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45















list = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
print(list[3]) # Number 3 is "d"

print(list[-4]) # Number -4 is "a"









share|improve this question









New contributor




abraham is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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  • 28





    Don't use list as a variable name, it's the name of a standard class.

    – Barmar
    10 hours ago






  • 8





    It isn't starting at 1, it's starting at -1. ?!?

    – Thomas Weller
    6 hours ago







  • 1





    mod arithmetic should really be mentioned on this page somewhere...

    – Nacht
    2 hours ago

















45















list = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
print(list[3]) # Number 3 is "d"

print(list[-4]) # Number -4 is "a"









share|improve this question









New contributor




abraham is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.















  • 28





    Don't use list as a variable name, it's the name of a standard class.

    – Barmar
    10 hours ago






  • 8





    It isn't starting at 1, it's starting at -1. ?!?

    – Thomas Weller
    6 hours ago







  • 1





    mod arithmetic should really be mentioned on this page somewhere...

    – Nacht
    2 hours ago













45












45








45


11






list = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
print(list[3]) # Number 3 is "d"

print(list[-4]) # Number -4 is "a"









share|improve this question









New contributor




abraham is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.












list = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
print(list[3]) # Number 3 is "d"

print(list[-4]) # Number -4 is "a"






python list






share|improve this question









New contributor




abraham is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











share|improve this question









New contributor




abraham is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited 41 mins ago









Aaron Hall

185k53309264




185k53309264






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asked 18 hours ago









abrahamabraham

22126




22126




New contributor




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New contributor





abraham is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






abraham is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







  • 28





    Don't use list as a variable name, it's the name of a standard class.

    – Barmar
    10 hours ago






  • 8





    It isn't starting at 1, it's starting at -1. ?!?

    – Thomas Weller
    6 hours ago







  • 1





    mod arithmetic should really be mentioned on this page somewhere...

    – Nacht
    2 hours ago












  • 28





    Don't use list as a variable name, it's the name of a standard class.

    – Barmar
    10 hours ago






  • 8





    It isn't starting at 1, it's starting at -1. ?!?

    – Thomas Weller
    6 hours ago







  • 1





    mod arithmetic should really be mentioned on this page somewhere...

    – Nacht
    2 hours ago







28




28





Don't use list as a variable name, it's the name of a standard class.

– Barmar
10 hours ago





Don't use list as a variable name, it's the name of a standard class.

– Barmar
10 hours ago




8




8





It isn't starting at 1, it's starting at -1. ?!?

– Thomas Weller
6 hours ago






It isn't starting at 1, it's starting at -1. ?!?

– Thomas Weller
6 hours ago





1




1





mod arithmetic should really be mentioned on this page somewhere...

– Nacht
2 hours ago





mod arithmetic should really be mentioned on this page somewhere...

– Nacht
2 hours ago












7 Answers
7






active

oldest

votes


















101














To explain it in another way, because -0 is equal to 0, if backward starts from 0, it is ambiguous to the interpreter.




If you are confused about -, and looking for another way to index backwards more understandably, you can try ~, it is a mirror of forward:



arr = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
print(arr[~0]) # d
print(arr[~1]) # c


The typical usages for ~ are like "swap mirror node" or "find median in a sort list":



def reverse(arr):
for i in range(len(arr)//2):
arr[i], arr[~i] = arr[~i], arr[i]

def median(arr):
mid = len(arr) // 2
return (arr[mid] + arr[~mid]) / 2


~ actually is a math trick of inverse code and complement code, and it is more easy to understand in some situations.




Discussion about whether should use python tricks like ~:



In my opinion, if it is a code maintained by yourself, you can use any trick to avoid potential bug or achieve goal easier, because of maybe a high readability and usability. But in team work, avoid using 'too clever' code, may bring troubles to your co-workers.



For example, here is one concise code from Stefan Pochmann to solve this problem. I learned a lot from his code. But some are just for fun, too hackish to use.



def findStrobogrammatic(self, n):
nums = n % 2 * list('018') or ['']
while n > 1:
n -= 2
# n < 2 is so genius here
nums = [a + num + b for a, b in '00 11 88 69 96'.split()[n < 2:] for num in nums]
return nums





share|improve this answer

























  • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

    – Samuel Liew
    2 hours ago


















90














list[-1]


Is short hand for:



list[len(list)-1]


The len(list) part is implicit. That's why the -1 is the last element. That goes for any negative index - the subtraction from len(list) is always implicit






share|improve this answer


















  • 5





    In my opinion this answer is better than the accepted one.

    – NicolasB
    14 hours ago






  • 3





    Be aware that list[-n] and list[len(list)-n] are only equivilent for values of n between 1 and len(list). This becomes especially important when slicing rather than indexing.

    – plugwash
    10 hours ago


















11














Because -0 in Python is 0.

With 0 you get first element of list and
with -1 you get the last element of the list.



list = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
print(list[0]) # "a"
print(list[-1]) # "d"





share|improve this answer

























  • I think -0 is 0 pretty much everywhere.

    – Koray Tugay
    11 hours ago






  • 2





    @KorayTugay Except in floating point.

    – Barmar
    10 hours ago











  • I guess that is not 0 anymore. @Barmar

    – Koray Tugay
    10 hours ago






  • 1





    @KorayTugay It is. The binary representation is even all 0s. Floating point also just has another 0, where the sign bit is 1.

    – curiousdannii
    3 hours ago


















5














This is the mnemonic method I use. It is just an approach of what is happening, but it works.




Don't think of those as indexes. Think of them as offsets on a circular list.



Let's use the list x = [a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h] as an example. Think about x[2] and x[-2]:



enter image description here



You start at offset zero. If you move two steps forward, you're going from a to b (0 to 1), and them from b to c (1 to 2).



If you move two steps backward, you're going from a to h (0 to -1), and then from h to g (-1 to -2)






share|improve this answer

























  • "Think about a[2] and a[-2]" is a the list, or an element of the list?

    – detly
    4 hours ago











  • "a" is an hypothetical list which contains the values a-h! I'll clarify!

    – T. Sar
    36 mins ago



















2














Another explanation:



Your finger points to the first element. The index decides how many places you shift your finger to the right. If the number is negative, you shift your finger to the left.



Of course, you cant step to the left from the first element, so the first step to the left wraps around to the last element.






share|improve this answer








New contributor




Oscar is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.



























    0














    This idiom can be justified using modular arithmetic. We can think of indices as referring to a cell in a list obtained by walking forward i elements. -1 referring to the last element of the list is a natural generalization of this, since we arrive at the last element in the list if we walk backwards one step from the start of the list.



    For any list xs and index i positive or negative, the expression



    xs[i]


    will either have the same value as the expression below or produce an IndexError:



    xs[i % len(xs)]


    The index of the last element is -1 + len(xs) which is congruent to -1 mod len(xs). For example, in an array of length 12, the canonical index of the last element is 11. 11 is congruent to -1 mod 12.



    In Python, though, arrays are more often used as linear data structures than circular ones, so indexes larger than len(xs) or smaller than -1-len(xs) are out of bounds since there's seldom a need for them and the effects would be really counterintuitive if the size of the array ever changed.






    share|improve this answer






























      -4














      In a comment, abraham asked




      I wish python has another mechanism to get list backward.




      For another way to access lists backwards, one could simply first reverse the list and then access the elements as usual:



      lst = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
      print(lst[::-1][0]) # "d"
      print(lst[::-1][1]) # "c"





      share|improve this answer










      New contributor




      Michael Engen is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.















      • 2





        True, but not really answer the question "why".

        – Valentino
        15 hours ago






      • 4





        It's a waste of ressources to create a whole new list in order to retrieve a single element.

        – Eric Duminil
        14 hours ago











      • What is the use of showing another way to solve a task when it is all of, syntaxly, logically and computationally more complex than the standard method?

        – Sam
        11 hours ago












      • @Sam Why use C when we got Assembly?

        – mid
        10 hours ago











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      7 Answers
      7






      active

      oldest

      votes








      7 Answers
      7






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes









      101














      To explain it in another way, because -0 is equal to 0, if backward starts from 0, it is ambiguous to the interpreter.




      If you are confused about -, and looking for another way to index backwards more understandably, you can try ~, it is a mirror of forward:



      arr = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
      print(arr[~0]) # d
      print(arr[~1]) # c


      The typical usages for ~ are like "swap mirror node" or "find median in a sort list":



      def reverse(arr):
      for i in range(len(arr)//2):
      arr[i], arr[~i] = arr[~i], arr[i]

      def median(arr):
      mid = len(arr) // 2
      return (arr[mid] + arr[~mid]) / 2


      ~ actually is a math trick of inverse code and complement code, and it is more easy to understand in some situations.




      Discussion about whether should use python tricks like ~:



      In my opinion, if it is a code maintained by yourself, you can use any trick to avoid potential bug or achieve goal easier, because of maybe a high readability and usability. But in team work, avoid using 'too clever' code, may bring troubles to your co-workers.



      For example, here is one concise code from Stefan Pochmann to solve this problem. I learned a lot from his code. But some are just for fun, too hackish to use.



      def findStrobogrammatic(self, n):
      nums = n % 2 * list('018') or ['']
      while n > 1:
      n -= 2
      # n < 2 is so genius here
      nums = [a + num + b for a, b in '00 11 88 69 96'.split()[n < 2:] for num in nums]
      return nums





      share|improve this answer

























      • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

        – Samuel Liew
        2 hours ago















      101














      To explain it in another way, because -0 is equal to 0, if backward starts from 0, it is ambiguous to the interpreter.




      If you are confused about -, and looking for another way to index backwards more understandably, you can try ~, it is a mirror of forward:



      arr = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
      print(arr[~0]) # d
      print(arr[~1]) # c


      The typical usages for ~ are like "swap mirror node" or "find median in a sort list":



      def reverse(arr):
      for i in range(len(arr)//2):
      arr[i], arr[~i] = arr[~i], arr[i]

      def median(arr):
      mid = len(arr) // 2
      return (arr[mid] + arr[~mid]) / 2


      ~ actually is a math trick of inverse code and complement code, and it is more easy to understand in some situations.




      Discussion about whether should use python tricks like ~:



      In my opinion, if it is a code maintained by yourself, you can use any trick to avoid potential bug or achieve goal easier, because of maybe a high readability and usability. But in team work, avoid using 'too clever' code, may bring troubles to your co-workers.



      For example, here is one concise code from Stefan Pochmann to solve this problem. I learned a lot from his code. But some are just for fun, too hackish to use.



      def findStrobogrammatic(self, n):
      nums = n % 2 * list('018') or ['']
      while n > 1:
      n -= 2
      # n < 2 is so genius here
      nums = [a + num + b for a, b in '00 11 88 69 96'.split()[n < 2:] for num in nums]
      return nums





      share|improve this answer

























      • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

        – Samuel Liew
        2 hours ago













      101












      101








      101







      To explain it in another way, because -0 is equal to 0, if backward starts from 0, it is ambiguous to the interpreter.




      If you are confused about -, and looking for another way to index backwards more understandably, you can try ~, it is a mirror of forward:



      arr = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
      print(arr[~0]) # d
      print(arr[~1]) # c


      The typical usages for ~ are like "swap mirror node" or "find median in a sort list":



      def reverse(arr):
      for i in range(len(arr)//2):
      arr[i], arr[~i] = arr[~i], arr[i]

      def median(arr):
      mid = len(arr) // 2
      return (arr[mid] + arr[~mid]) / 2


      ~ actually is a math trick of inverse code and complement code, and it is more easy to understand in some situations.




      Discussion about whether should use python tricks like ~:



      In my opinion, if it is a code maintained by yourself, you can use any trick to avoid potential bug or achieve goal easier, because of maybe a high readability and usability. But in team work, avoid using 'too clever' code, may bring troubles to your co-workers.



      For example, here is one concise code from Stefan Pochmann to solve this problem. I learned a lot from his code. But some are just for fun, too hackish to use.



      def findStrobogrammatic(self, n):
      nums = n % 2 * list('018') or ['']
      while n > 1:
      n -= 2
      # n < 2 is so genius here
      nums = [a + num + b for a, b in '00 11 88 69 96'.split()[n < 2:] for num in nums]
      return nums





      share|improve this answer















      To explain it in another way, because -0 is equal to 0, if backward starts from 0, it is ambiguous to the interpreter.




      If you are confused about -, and looking for another way to index backwards more understandably, you can try ~, it is a mirror of forward:



      arr = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
      print(arr[~0]) # d
      print(arr[~1]) # c


      The typical usages for ~ are like "swap mirror node" or "find median in a sort list":



      def reverse(arr):
      for i in range(len(arr)//2):
      arr[i], arr[~i] = arr[~i], arr[i]

      def median(arr):
      mid = len(arr) // 2
      return (arr[mid] + arr[~mid]) / 2


      ~ actually is a math trick of inverse code and complement code, and it is more easy to understand in some situations.




      Discussion about whether should use python tricks like ~:



      In my opinion, if it is a code maintained by yourself, you can use any trick to avoid potential bug or achieve goal easier, because of maybe a high readability and usability. But in team work, avoid using 'too clever' code, may bring troubles to your co-workers.



      For example, here is one concise code from Stefan Pochmann to solve this problem. I learned a lot from his code. But some are just for fun, too hackish to use.



      def findStrobogrammatic(self, n):
      nums = n % 2 * list('018') or ['']
      while n > 1:
      n -= 2
      # n < 2 is so genius here
      nums = [a + num + b for a, b in '00 11 88 69 96'.split()[n < 2:] for num in nums]
      return nums






      share|improve this answer














      share|improve this answer



      share|improve this answer








      edited 9 hours ago

























      answered 18 hours ago









      recnacrecnac

      1,9222524




      1,9222524












      • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

        – Samuel Liew
        2 hours ago

















      • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

        – Samuel Liew
        2 hours ago
















      Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

      – Samuel Liew
      2 hours ago





      Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

      – Samuel Liew
      2 hours ago













      90














      list[-1]


      Is short hand for:



      list[len(list)-1]


      The len(list) part is implicit. That's why the -1 is the last element. That goes for any negative index - the subtraction from len(list) is always implicit






      share|improve this answer


















      • 5





        In my opinion this answer is better than the accepted one.

        – NicolasB
        14 hours ago






      • 3





        Be aware that list[-n] and list[len(list)-n] are only equivilent for values of n between 1 and len(list). This becomes especially important when slicing rather than indexing.

        – plugwash
        10 hours ago















      90














      list[-1]


      Is short hand for:



      list[len(list)-1]


      The len(list) part is implicit. That's why the -1 is the last element. That goes for any negative index - the subtraction from len(list) is always implicit






      share|improve this answer


















      • 5





        In my opinion this answer is better than the accepted one.

        – NicolasB
        14 hours ago






      • 3





        Be aware that list[-n] and list[len(list)-n] are only equivilent for values of n between 1 and len(list). This becomes especially important when slicing rather than indexing.

        – plugwash
        10 hours ago













      90












      90








      90







      list[-1]


      Is short hand for:



      list[len(list)-1]


      The len(list) part is implicit. That's why the -1 is the last element. That goes for any negative index - the subtraction from len(list) is always implicit






      share|improve this answer













      list[-1]


      Is short hand for:



      list[len(list)-1]


      The len(list) part is implicit. That's why the -1 is the last element. That goes for any negative index - the subtraction from len(list) is always implicit







      share|improve this answer












      share|improve this answer



      share|improve this answer










      answered 18 hours ago









      DroidX86DroidX86

      2,271919




      2,271919







      • 5





        In my opinion this answer is better than the accepted one.

        – NicolasB
        14 hours ago






      • 3





        Be aware that list[-n] and list[len(list)-n] are only equivilent for values of n between 1 and len(list). This becomes especially important when slicing rather than indexing.

        – plugwash
        10 hours ago












      • 5





        In my opinion this answer is better than the accepted one.

        – NicolasB
        14 hours ago






      • 3





        Be aware that list[-n] and list[len(list)-n] are only equivilent for values of n between 1 and len(list). This becomes especially important when slicing rather than indexing.

        – plugwash
        10 hours ago







      5




      5





      In my opinion this answer is better than the accepted one.

      – NicolasB
      14 hours ago





      In my opinion this answer is better than the accepted one.

      – NicolasB
      14 hours ago




      3




      3





      Be aware that list[-n] and list[len(list)-n] are only equivilent for values of n between 1 and len(list). This becomes especially important when slicing rather than indexing.

      – plugwash
      10 hours ago





      Be aware that list[-n] and list[len(list)-n] are only equivilent for values of n between 1 and len(list). This becomes especially important when slicing rather than indexing.

      – plugwash
      10 hours ago











      11














      Because -0 in Python is 0.

      With 0 you get first element of list and
      with -1 you get the last element of the list.



      list = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
      print(list[0]) # "a"
      print(list[-1]) # "d"





      share|improve this answer

























      • I think -0 is 0 pretty much everywhere.

        – Koray Tugay
        11 hours ago






      • 2





        @KorayTugay Except in floating point.

        – Barmar
        10 hours ago











      • I guess that is not 0 anymore. @Barmar

        – Koray Tugay
        10 hours ago






      • 1





        @KorayTugay It is. The binary representation is even all 0s. Floating point also just has another 0, where the sign bit is 1.

        – curiousdannii
        3 hours ago















      11














      Because -0 in Python is 0.

      With 0 you get first element of list and
      with -1 you get the last element of the list.



      list = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
      print(list[0]) # "a"
      print(list[-1]) # "d"





      share|improve this answer

























      • I think -0 is 0 pretty much everywhere.

        – Koray Tugay
        11 hours ago






      • 2





        @KorayTugay Except in floating point.

        – Barmar
        10 hours ago











      • I guess that is not 0 anymore. @Barmar

        – Koray Tugay
        10 hours ago






      • 1





        @KorayTugay It is. The binary representation is even all 0s. Floating point also just has another 0, where the sign bit is 1.

        – curiousdannii
        3 hours ago













      11












      11








      11







      Because -0 in Python is 0.

      With 0 you get first element of list and
      with -1 you get the last element of the list.



      list = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
      print(list[0]) # "a"
      print(list[-1]) # "d"





      share|improve this answer















      Because -0 in Python is 0.

      With 0 you get first element of list and
      with -1 you get the last element of the list.



      list = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
      print(list[0]) # "a"
      print(list[-1]) # "d"






      share|improve this answer














      share|improve this answer



      share|improve this answer








      edited 18 hours ago

























      answered 18 hours ago









      AshishAshish

      1,457630




      1,457630












      • I think -0 is 0 pretty much everywhere.

        – Koray Tugay
        11 hours ago






      • 2





        @KorayTugay Except in floating point.

        – Barmar
        10 hours ago











      • I guess that is not 0 anymore. @Barmar

        – Koray Tugay
        10 hours ago






      • 1





        @KorayTugay It is. The binary representation is even all 0s. Floating point also just has another 0, where the sign bit is 1.

        – curiousdannii
        3 hours ago

















      • I think -0 is 0 pretty much everywhere.

        – Koray Tugay
        11 hours ago






      • 2





        @KorayTugay Except in floating point.

        – Barmar
        10 hours ago











      • I guess that is not 0 anymore. @Barmar

        – Koray Tugay
        10 hours ago






      • 1





        @KorayTugay It is. The binary representation is even all 0s. Floating point also just has another 0, where the sign bit is 1.

        – curiousdannii
        3 hours ago
















      I think -0 is 0 pretty much everywhere.

      – Koray Tugay
      11 hours ago





      I think -0 is 0 pretty much everywhere.

      – Koray Tugay
      11 hours ago




      2




      2





      @KorayTugay Except in floating point.

      – Barmar
      10 hours ago





      @KorayTugay Except in floating point.

      – Barmar
      10 hours ago













      I guess that is not 0 anymore. @Barmar

      – Koray Tugay
      10 hours ago





      I guess that is not 0 anymore. @Barmar

      – Koray Tugay
      10 hours ago




      1




      1





      @KorayTugay It is. The binary representation is even all 0s. Floating point also just has another 0, where the sign bit is 1.

      – curiousdannii
      3 hours ago





      @KorayTugay It is. The binary representation is even all 0s. Floating point also just has another 0, where the sign bit is 1.

      – curiousdannii
      3 hours ago











      5














      This is the mnemonic method I use. It is just an approach of what is happening, but it works.




      Don't think of those as indexes. Think of them as offsets on a circular list.



      Let's use the list x = [a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h] as an example. Think about x[2] and x[-2]:



      enter image description here



      You start at offset zero. If you move two steps forward, you're going from a to b (0 to 1), and them from b to c (1 to 2).



      If you move two steps backward, you're going from a to h (0 to -1), and then from h to g (-1 to -2)






      share|improve this answer

























      • "Think about a[2] and a[-2]" is a the list, or an element of the list?

        – detly
        4 hours ago











      • "a" is an hypothetical list which contains the values a-h! I'll clarify!

        – T. Sar
        36 mins ago
















      5














      This is the mnemonic method I use. It is just an approach of what is happening, but it works.




      Don't think of those as indexes. Think of them as offsets on a circular list.



      Let's use the list x = [a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h] as an example. Think about x[2] and x[-2]:



      enter image description here



      You start at offset zero. If you move two steps forward, you're going from a to b (0 to 1), and them from b to c (1 to 2).



      If you move two steps backward, you're going from a to h (0 to -1), and then from h to g (-1 to -2)






      share|improve this answer

























      • "Think about a[2] and a[-2]" is a the list, or an element of the list?

        – detly
        4 hours ago











      • "a" is an hypothetical list which contains the values a-h! I'll clarify!

        – T. Sar
        36 mins ago














      5












      5








      5







      This is the mnemonic method I use. It is just an approach of what is happening, but it works.




      Don't think of those as indexes. Think of them as offsets on a circular list.



      Let's use the list x = [a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h] as an example. Think about x[2] and x[-2]:



      enter image description here



      You start at offset zero. If you move two steps forward, you're going from a to b (0 to 1), and them from b to c (1 to 2).



      If you move two steps backward, you're going from a to h (0 to -1), and then from h to g (-1 to -2)






      share|improve this answer















      This is the mnemonic method I use. It is just an approach of what is happening, but it works.




      Don't think of those as indexes. Think of them as offsets on a circular list.



      Let's use the list x = [a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h] as an example. Think about x[2] and x[-2]:



      enter image description here



      You start at offset zero. If you move two steps forward, you're going from a to b (0 to 1), and them from b to c (1 to 2).



      If you move two steps backward, you're going from a to h (0 to -1), and then from h to g (-1 to -2)







      share|improve this answer














      share|improve this answer



      share|improve this answer








      edited 35 mins ago

























      answered 8 hours ago









      T. SarT. Sar

      181110




      181110












      • "Think about a[2] and a[-2]" is a the list, or an element of the list?

        – detly
        4 hours ago











      • "a" is an hypothetical list which contains the values a-h! I'll clarify!

        – T. Sar
        36 mins ago


















      • "Think about a[2] and a[-2]" is a the list, or an element of the list?

        – detly
        4 hours ago











      • "a" is an hypothetical list which contains the values a-h! I'll clarify!

        – T. Sar
        36 mins ago

















      "Think about a[2] and a[-2]" is a the list, or an element of the list?

      – detly
      4 hours ago





      "Think about a[2] and a[-2]" is a the list, or an element of the list?

      – detly
      4 hours ago













      "a" is an hypothetical list which contains the values a-h! I'll clarify!

      – T. Sar
      36 mins ago






      "a" is an hypothetical list which contains the values a-h! I'll clarify!

      – T. Sar
      36 mins ago












      2














      Another explanation:



      Your finger points to the first element. The index decides how many places you shift your finger to the right. If the number is negative, you shift your finger to the left.



      Of course, you cant step to the left from the first element, so the first step to the left wraps around to the last element.






      share|improve this answer








      New contributor




      Oscar is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.
























        2














        Another explanation:



        Your finger points to the first element. The index decides how many places you shift your finger to the right. If the number is negative, you shift your finger to the left.



        Of course, you cant step to the left from the first element, so the first step to the left wraps around to the last element.






        share|improve this answer








        New contributor




        Oscar is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
        Check out our Code of Conduct.






















          2












          2








          2







          Another explanation:



          Your finger points to the first element. The index decides how many places you shift your finger to the right. If the number is negative, you shift your finger to the left.



          Of course, you cant step to the left from the first element, so the first step to the left wraps around to the last element.






          share|improve this answer








          New contributor




          Oscar is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
          Check out our Code of Conduct.










          Another explanation:



          Your finger points to the first element. The index decides how many places you shift your finger to the right. If the number is negative, you shift your finger to the left.



          Of course, you cant step to the left from the first element, so the first step to the left wraps around to the last element.







          share|improve this answer








          New contributor




          Oscar is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
          Check out our Code of Conduct.









          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer






          New contributor




          Oscar is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
          Check out our Code of Conduct.









          answered 13 hours ago









          OscarOscar

          213




          213




          New contributor




          Oscar is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
          Check out our Code of Conduct.





          New contributor





          Oscar is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
          Check out our Code of Conduct.






          Oscar is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
          Check out our Code of Conduct.





















              0














              This idiom can be justified using modular arithmetic. We can think of indices as referring to a cell in a list obtained by walking forward i elements. -1 referring to the last element of the list is a natural generalization of this, since we arrive at the last element in the list if we walk backwards one step from the start of the list.



              For any list xs and index i positive or negative, the expression



              xs[i]


              will either have the same value as the expression below or produce an IndexError:



              xs[i % len(xs)]


              The index of the last element is -1 + len(xs) which is congruent to -1 mod len(xs). For example, in an array of length 12, the canonical index of the last element is 11. 11 is congruent to -1 mod 12.



              In Python, though, arrays are more often used as linear data structures than circular ones, so indexes larger than len(xs) or smaller than -1-len(xs) are out of bounds since there's seldom a need for them and the effects would be really counterintuitive if the size of the array ever changed.






              share|improve this answer



























                0














                This idiom can be justified using modular arithmetic. We can think of indices as referring to a cell in a list obtained by walking forward i elements. -1 referring to the last element of the list is a natural generalization of this, since we arrive at the last element in the list if we walk backwards one step from the start of the list.



                For any list xs and index i positive or negative, the expression



                xs[i]


                will either have the same value as the expression below or produce an IndexError:



                xs[i % len(xs)]


                The index of the last element is -1 + len(xs) which is congruent to -1 mod len(xs). For example, in an array of length 12, the canonical index of the last element is 11. 11 is congruent to -1 mod 12.



                In Python, though, arrays are more often used as linear data structures than circular ones, so indexes larger than len(xs) or smaller than -1-len(xs) are out of bounds since there's seldom a need for them and the effects would be really counterintuitive if the size of the array ever changed.






                share|improve this answer

























                  0












                  0








                  0







                  This idiom can be justified using modular arithmetic. We can think of indices as referring to a cell in a list obtained by walking forward i elements. -1 referring to the last element of the list is a natural generalization of this, since we arrive at the last element in the list if we walk backwards one step from the start of the list.



                  For any list xs and index i positive or negative, the expression



                  xs[i]


                  will either have the same value as the expression below or produce an IndexError:



                  xs[i % len(xs)]


                  The index of the last element is -1 + len(xs) which is congruent to -1 mod len(xs). For example, in an array of length 12, the canonical index of the last element is 11. 11 is congruent to -1 mod 12.



                  In Python, though, arrays are more often used as linear data structures than circular ones, so indexes larger than len(xs) or smaller than -1-len(xs) are out of bounds since there's seldom a need for them and the effects would be really counterintuitive if the size of the array ever changed.






                  share|improve this answer













                  This idiom can be justified using modular arithmetic. We can think of indices as referring to a cell in a list obtained by walking forward i elements. -1 referring to the last element of the list is a natural generalization of this, since we arrive at the last element in the list if we walk backwards one step from the start of the list.



                  For any list xs and index i positive or negative, the expression



                  xs[i]


                  will either have the same value as the expression below or produce an IndexError:



                  xs[i % len(xs)]


                  The index of the last element is -1 + len(xs) which is congruent to -1 mod len(xs). For example, in an array of length 12, the canonical index of the last element is 11. 11 is congruent to -1 mod 12.



                  In Python, though, arrays are more often used as linear data structures than circular ones, so indexes larger than len(xs) or smaller than -1-len(xs) are out of bounds since there's seldom a need for them and the effects would be really counterintuitive if the size of the array ever changed.







                  share|improve this answer












                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer










                  answered 2 hours ago









                  Gregory NisbetGregory Nisbet

                  3,24321334




                  3,24321334





















                      -4














                      In a comment, abraham asked




                      I wish python has another mechanism to get list backward.




                      For another way to access lists backwards, one could simply first reverse the list and then access the elements as usual:



                      lst = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
                      print(lst[::-1][0]) # "d"
                      print(lst[::-1][1]) # "c"





                      share|improve this answer










                      New contributor




                      Michael Engen is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                      Check out our Code of Conduct.















                      • 2





                        True, but not really answer the question "why".

                        – Valentino
                        15 hours ago






                      • 4





                        It's a waste of ressources to create a whole new list in order to retrieve a single element.

                        – Eric Duminil
                        14 hours ago











                      • What is the use of showing another way to solve a task when it is all of, syntaxly, logically and computationally more complex than the standard method?

                        – Sam
                        11 hours ago












                      • @Sam Why use C when we got Assembly?

                        – mid
                        10 hours ago















                      -4














                      In a comment, abraham asked




                      I wish python has another mechanism to get list backward.




                      For another way to access lists backwards, one could simply first reverse the list and then access the elements as usual:



                      lst = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
                      print(lst[::-1][0]) # "d"
                      print(lst[::-1][1]) # "c"





                      share|improve this answer










                      New contributor




                      Michael Engen is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                      Check out our Code of Conduct.















                      • 2





                        True, but not really answer the question "why".

                        – Valentino
                        15 hours ago






                      • 4





                        It's a waste of ressources to create a whole new list in order to retrieve a single element.

                        – Eric Duminil
                        14 hours ago











                      • What is the use of showing another way to solve a task when it is all of, syntaxly, logically and computationally more complex than the standard method?

                        – Sam
                        11 hours ago












                      • @Sam Why use C when we got Assembly?

                        – mid
                        10 hours ago













                      -4












                      -4








                      -4







                      In a comment, abraham asked




                      I wish python has another mechanism to get list backward.




                      For another way to access lists backwards, one could simply first reverse the list and then access the elements as usual:



                      lst = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
                      print(lst[::-1][0]) # "d"
                      print(lst[::-1][1]) # "c"





                      share|improve this answer










                      New contributor




                      Michael Engen is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                      Check out our Code of Conduct.










                      In a comment, abraham asked




                      I wish python has another mechanism to get list backward.




                      For another way to access lists backwards, one could simply first reverse the list and then access the elements as usual:



                      lst = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
                      print(lst[::-1][0]) # "d"
                      print(lst[::-1][1]) # "c"






                      share|improve this answer










                      New contributor




                      Michael Engen is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                      Check out our Code of Conduct.









                      share|improve this answer



                      share|improve this answer








                      edited 14 hours ago





















                      New contributor




                      Michael Engen is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                      Check out our Code of Conduct.









                      answered 16 hours ago









                      Michael EngenMichael Engen

                      12




                      12




                      New contributor




                      Michael Engen is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                      Check out our Code of Conduct.





                      New contributor





                      Michael Engen is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                      Check out our Code of Conduct.






                      Michael Engen is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                      Check out our Code of Conduct.







                      • 2





                        True, but not really answer the question "why".

                        – Valentino
                        15 hours ago






                      • 4





                        It's a waste of ressources to create a whole new list in order to retrieve a single element.

                        – Eric Duminil
                        14 hours ago











                      • What is the use of showing another way to solve a task when it is all of, syntaxly, logically and computationally more complex than the standard method?

                        – Sam
                        11 hours ago












                      • @Sam Why use C when we got Assembly?

                        – mid
                        10 hours ago












                      • 2





                        True, but not really answer the question "why".

                        – Valentino
                        15 hours ago






                      • 4





                        It's a waste of ressources to create a whole new list in order to retrieve a single element.

                        – Eric Duminil
                        14 hours ago











                      • What is the use of showing another way to solve a task when it is all of, syntaxly, logically and computationally more complex than the standard method?

                        – Sam
                        11 hours ago












                      • @Sam Why use C when we got Assembly?

                        – mid
                        10 hours ago







                      2




                      2





                      True, but not really answer the question "why".

                      – Valentino
                      15 hours ago





                      True, but not really answer the question "why".

                      – Valentino
                      15 hours ago




                      4




                      4





                      It's a waste of ressources to create a whole new list in order to retrieve a single element.

                      – Eric Duminil
                      14 hours ago





                      It's a waste of ressources to create a whole new list in order to retrieve a single element.

                      – Eric Duminil
                      14 hours ago













                      What is the use of showing another way to solve a task when it is all of, syntaxly, logically and computationally more complex than the standard method?

                      – Sam
                      11 hours ago






                      What is the use of showing another way to solve a task when it is all of, syntaxly, logically and computationally more complex than the standard method?

                      – Sam
                      11 hours ago














                      @Sam Why use C when we got Assembly?

                      – mid
                      10 hours ago





                      @Sam Why use C when we got Assembly?

                      – mid
                      10 hours ago










                      abraham is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









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                      abraham is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.











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